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Coordinates The Nuremberg trials (German: die N
Note: after I first wrote this review. At a certain point (or after performing a number of conversions, or this might have been added to. Once you input the code it will perform the PDF to DOC conversion; however, the next time you need to perform a conversion, you will have to go through the whole thing. The net effect is (a) rather annoying, and (b) this prevents you from being able to use this program offline. However, there are free PDF to DOC conversion options. See this posting entitled How to convert PDF to Word DOC for free: a comparative test.
I tested this software by converting a 2. PDF document that contained images, charts and text into DOC format.
At the end of the conversion process (which took mere seconds) the DOC file was created and opened by MS Word. Here are some observations: Quality: the quality was generally very good.
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Overall the converted document looked very similar to the original. Program options: you can select all pages or a subset range of pages to convert; whether to retain images and shapes in the converted document; and whether or not to use “text boxes”. Choosing “text boxes” will create multiple text boxes placed all over the document rather than a single, contiguous text (see below for more on this). Images: Some of the images were degraded by they were all in the general vicinity of where they were supposed to be. Text: the text was generally handled well. Converting while the .
For the 2. 5 meg PDF file I converted I got a 7. DOC file. Support: Adobe PDF 1- 1. PDF files available on the internet. You do not need MS Word or Adobe Acrobat installed on your machine necessarily for this program to function.
The verdict. Moreover, depending on the kind of output that you need, you might need to invest some time manually tweaking the resulting DOC file, but the output generated by this program right off the bat is surprisingly good in its own right. For more free PDF to DOC conversion options, go here. Version Tested: 1. Compatibility: Win. All. Go to the program page to download the latest version (approx 1.
Nuremberg trials - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 4. 9.
The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany. The first, and best known of these trials, described as . Held between 2. 0 November 1. October 1. 94. 6, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 2. Third Reich, though one of the defendants, Martin Bormann, was tried in absentia, while another, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement.
Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide in the spring of 1. Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT), which included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT; see Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on the NMT (the second set of trials). There were, I suppose, three possible courses: to let the atrocities which had been committed go unpunished; to put the perpetrators to death or punish them by executive action; or to try them. Was it possible to let such atrocities go unpunished?
Could France, could Russia, could Holland, Belgium, Norway, Czechoslovakia, Poland or Yugoslavia be expected to consent to such a course? It will be remembered that after the first world war alleged criminals were handed over to be tried by Germany, and what a farce that was! The majority got off and such sentences as were inflicted were derisory and were soon remitted. At the beginning of 1.
Polish government- in- exile asked the British and French governments to condemn the German invasion of their country. The British initially declined to do so; however, in April 1.
British- French- Polish declaration was issued. Relatively bland because of Anglo- French reservations, it proclaimed the trio's .
On 1 November 1. 94. Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States published their . The above declaration is without prejudice to the case of the major war criminals whose offences have no particular geographical location and who will be punished by a joint decision of the Government of the Allies. British Prime Minister. Winston Churchill had then advocated a policy of summary execution in some circumstances, with the use of an Act of Attainder to circumvent legal obstacles, being dissuaded from this only by talks with US and Soviet leaders later in the war. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann G. US President. Franklin D.
Roosevelt joked that perhaps 4. Churchill, believing them to be serious, denounced the idea of . However, he also stated that war criminals must pay for their crimes and that in accordance with the Moscow Document which he himself had written, they should be tried at the places where the crimes were committed. Churchill was vigorously opposed to executions . The plan advocated the forced de- industrialisation of Germany and the summary execution of so- called . Later, details were leaked to the public, generating widespread protest. The demise of the Morgenthau Plan created the need for an alternative method of dealing with the Nazi leadership.
Stimson and the War Department. Following Roosevelt's death in April 1. Harry S. Truman, gave strong approval for a judicial process. After a series of negotiations between Britain, the US, Soviet Union and France, details of the trial were worked out. The trials were to commence on 2. November 1. 94. 5, in the Bavarian city of Nuremberg.
At the meetings in Tehran (1. Yalta (1. 94. 5) and Potsdam (1. United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed on the format of punishment for those responsible for war crimes during World War II. France was also awarded a place on the tribunal. The legal basis for the trial was established by the London Charter, which was agreed upon by the four so- called Great Powers on 8 August 1. The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany. Political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council which, having sovereign power over Germany, could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war.
Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on 1 September 1. Location. The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, as the capital city of the 'fascist conspirators', but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for two reasons, with the first one having been the decisive factor. It had hosted the Party's annual propaganda rallies and the Reichstag session that passed the Nuremberg Laws. Dodd, plus young US Armyinterpreter.
Richard Sonnenfeldt. Assisting Shawcross were Major. Sir David Maxwell- Fyfe and Sir John Wheeler- Bennett. Mervyn Griffith- Jones, who was later to become famous as the chief prosecutor in the Lady Chatterley's Loverobscenity trial, was also on Shawcross's team. Shawcross also recruited a young barrister, Anthony Marreco, who was the son of a friend of his, to help the British team with the heavy workload. Defense counsel. These included Georg Fr. The main counsels were supported by a total of 7.
The men testifying for the defense hoped to receive more lenient sentences. The prosecution entered indictments against 2. Sentenced to death in absentia. Initiator of the U- boat campaign. Briefly became President of Germany following Hitler's death. Died 2. 4 December 1.
Defense attorney: Otto Kranzb. Expressed repentance. Co- authored the Nuremberg Race Laws. Released because of ill health on 1. May 1. 95. 7. Originally the second- highest- ranked member of the Nazi Party and Hitler's designated successor, he fell out of favor with Hitler in April 1. Highest ranking Nazi official to be tried at Nuremberg. Had been imprisoned since then.
After trial, incarcerated at Spandau Prison where he committed suicide in 1. Signed orders for the summary execution of Allied commandos and Soviet commissars . Hanged 1. 6 October 1. Posthumously rehabilitated in 1.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner. I. Known for his unquestioning loyalty to Hitler. Expressed repentance. Medically unfit for trial; he had been partially paralyzed since 1.
Due to an error, Gustav, instead of his son Alfried (who ran Krupp for his father during most of the war), was selected for indictment. However, the charges against him remained on record in the event he should recover (he died in February 1. Committed suicide on 2.
October 1. 94. 5, before the trial began. Indicted but neither acquitted nor found guilty as trial did not proceed. Baron Konstantin von Neurath. GGGG1. 5 years. Minister of Foreign Affairs 1. Later, Protector of Bohemia and Moravia 1. On furlough since 1. Hitler. Released (ill health) 6 November 1.
Died 1. 4 August 1. Franz von Papen. II. Ambassador to Austria 1. Although acquitted at Nuremberg, von Papen was reclassified as a war criminal in 1. German de- Nazification court, and sentenced to eight years' hard labour. He was acquitted following appeal after serving two years.
Released (ill health) 2. September 1. 95. 5. Ambassador to the United Kingdom 1. Minister of Foreign Affairs 1. Later, Minister of the Eastern Occupied Territories 1. Plenipotentiary of the Nazi slave labor program 1. Defense attorney: Robert Servatius.
Dr. Pre- war president of the Reichsbank 1. Admitted to violating the Treaty of Versailles. By 1. 94. 4, he had been imprisoned in a concentration camp by the Nazis, and was outraged to be put on trial as a major war criminal. Expressed repentance. Deputy to Frank in Poland 1. Later, Reichskommissar of the occupied Netherlands 1. Expressed repentance.
In this capacity, he was ultimately responsible for the use of slave labourers from the occupied territories in armaments production. Expressed repentance. Publisher of the anti- Semitic weekly newspaper Der St.
All were above average intelligence, several considerably. His notes detailing the demeanor and comments of the defendants survive; they were edited into book form and published in 2. Jean Delay was the psychiatric expert for the French delegation in the trial of Rudolph Hess. Newsreel of Nuremberg Trials Sentencing. November 1. 94. 5: Start of the trials. November 1. 94. 5: Judge Robert H. Jackson opens for the prosecution with a speech lasting several hours, leaving a deep impression on both the court and the public.
November 1. 94. 5: The Hossbach Memorandum (of a conference in which Hitler explained his war plans) is presented. November 1. 94. 5: The film . He is the only defendant to take personal responsibility for his actions.
June 1. 94. 6: The defense for Martin Bormann testifies. Nimitz provides written testimony regarding attacks on merchant vessels without warning, admitting that Germany was not alone in these attacks, as the US did the same. July 1. 94. 6: Final statements for the defense. July 1. 94. 6: Final statements for the prosecution. July 1. 94. 6: Start of the trial of the . Twelve of the accused were sentenced to death, seven received prison sentences (ranging from 1.
Woods had hanged 3. U. S. The French judges suggested that the military condemned (G. The remaining 1. 0 defendants sentenced to death were hanged. Nuremberg principles. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so- called Doctors' Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects, a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation. Of the indicted organizations the following were found not to be criminal: Subsidiary and related trials.
Jackson addresses the Nuremberg court. November 1. 94. 5. While Sir Geoffrey Lawrence of Britain was the judge chosen as president of the court, the most prominent of the judges at trial arguably was his American counterpart, Francis Biddle. Prior to the trial, Biddle had been Attorney General of the United States but had been asked to resign by Truman earlier in 1. Some accounts argue that Truman had appointed Biddle as the main American judge for the trial as an apology for asking for his resignation.